• The activity of MMPs is regulated at the level of

  2025-01-02

  

  The activity of MMPs is regulated at the level of gene transcription or by the enzymatic activation of latent enzymes. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 are elevated in synovial fluid, synovium and cartilage in patients with OA, and these cyto

• While we chose to divide our

  2025-01-02

  

  While we chose to divide our etiologies into three categories, it should be noted that such division has certain limitations. Even though URIs and the common cold are considered mainly viral in origin and rhinosinusitis mainly bacterial in origin,26, 27 there is considerable overlap between these co

• Actin is capable of polymerizing spontaneously However this

  2024-12-31

  

  Actin is capable of polymerizing spontaneously. However, this process is relatively slow and kinetically unfavorable in cells. Formation of Dioscin dimers and trimers, which can easily disassemble due to their instability, is a rate-determining step in actin polymerization [5], [6]. The shape and th

• The rapidity of this specific immunosuppressive therapy sugg

  2024-12-31

  

  The rapidity of this specific immunosuppressive therapy suggests that it inhibits or apoptoses plasma cells. Most serum autoantibodies to AChR are produced by long-lived plasma cells residing in spleen and bone marrow. These terminally differentiated cells are resistant to most non-specific immunosu

• Acetylcholinesterase AChE activity and expression level can

  2024-12-31

  

  Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and expression level can be down regulated by TCDD in neuronal cells [3], [6]. Thus AChE could be considered as a target of the neuronal toxicity of dioxin. AChE has several types of transcripts by alternative splicing in the 3′ region of primary transcripts [7],

• Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of HT in u

  2024-12-31

  

  Despite functional studies demonstrating the role of 5-HT in ureteral contractility, the source of endogenous 5-HT in the ureter is unclear. Since 5-HT-containing enterochromaffin cells, which are present in the gastrointestinal tract, could not be found in the ureter (Nocito et al., 2007, Ripoche,

• br Viral manipulation of host factors to

  2024-12-31

  

  Viral manipulation of host factors to oppose anti-viral autophagy To escape or manipulate autophagy, some viruses developed strategies that are based on the recruitment of host-cell endogenous factors. The non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus adenovirus is rapidly endocytosed after attachment.

• The inhibition of ACLY induces an

  2024-12-31

  

  The inhibition of ACLY induces an anticancer effect that has been reported to be involved in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation [14], [16], dual blockade of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathways [11], and the glycolytic phenotype of tumor

• AR is expressed in cell

  2024-12-30

  

  AR is expressed in cell-specific human ovarian follicles at all stages of follicular development [25]. Administration of androgens in animals demonstrated initiation of follicular recruitment, stimulation of early stages of follicular growth, and increase in the number of growing follicles [26,27].

• For all three fluorescent dyes used the double labeled UQ

  2024-12-30

  

  For all three fluorescent dyes used, the double-labeled UQ-bodies showed higher antigen responses. A plausible mechanism for the higher quenching observed for the double-labeled UQ-bodies is the dye-dye quenching due to H-dimer formation [19] between the two dyes introduced into the Fd and L chains.

• Interestingly metabolic dysfunction is also

  2024-12-30

  

  Interestingly, metabolic dysfunction is also observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Patients and mouse models of familial ALS exhibit higher levels of resting GABA_A antagonist expenditure and lower fat-free mass, indicating a hypermetabolic phenotype. Lim et al. (2012) found that reducin

• br Materials and met http

  2024-12-30

  

  Materials and methods Results The values for body weight are shown in Fig. 1. Body weight was measured every day. The body weight of the young mice in the control (i.e. no-stress) group was not significantly different from that of the young mice in the stress group. However, the middle-aged mi

• br Mortality and morbidity Alzheimer s disease

  2024-12-30

  

  Mortality and morbidity Alzheimer's disease is officially listed as the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States [208]. It is the fifth-leading cause of death for those age 65 and older [198]. However, it nox4 may cause even more deaths than official sources recognize. Alzheimer's is al

• Adiponectin belongs to the CTRP C q TNF related

  2024-12-30

  

  Adiponectin belongs to the CTRP (C1q/TNF-related protein) superfamily. Except for adiponectin, 15 additional members have been identified (CTRP1-15) (Schaffler and Buechler, 2012). Of all the CTRPs, CTRP9 has the highest identity to adiponectin in globular domain (Wong et al., 2009). The structure o

• br Introduction Clinical manifestations of Alzheimer

  2024-12-30

  

  Introduction Clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mainly characterized by progressive intellectual deterioration, memory impairment, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. The pathogenesis of AD remains unclear, mainly containing genetic factors, neurotransmitter disor

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